مسئولیت مدنی ناشی از ارائه دهندگان خدمات در فضای مجازی با تأکید بر فروشگاه‌های اینترنتی

With the expansion of the e-commerce space, online stores have become an inseparable part of citizens' daily lives. This digital transformation, in addition to providing ease of access, reduced transaction costs, and a variety of choices for consumers, has created new legal challenges, including the civil liability of stores against users and third parties. The purpose of this research is to examine the foundations, pillars, and instances of civil liability arising from the activities of online stores and compare them with other service providers in cyberspace. This study has been examined and analyzed in a descriptive-analytical manner. The results show that the civil liability of online stores is of a mixed and multilayered nature and can be explained based on the theories of direct, participatory, and vicarious liability. The realization of liability requires the establishment of damage, a harmful act, and a causal relationship. Stores may be held liable for incorrect information and advertising, defective goods, breach of contractual obligations, and violation of users' privacy. Comparison with other virtual service providers shows that the responsibility of stores, unlike publishers, site managers and content producers, is contractual and commercial, and its scope goes beyond the technical or informational role of other providers. The civil liability of online stores in cyberspace, while guaranteeing the rights of users, requires a precise explanation of the legal framework, strengthening supervision and determining the limits of responsibility among the chain of service providers. This multi-layered responsibility enables the sustainable development of e-commerce and maintaining public trust in the digital environment.