نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
عنوان مقاله English
نویسنده English
In response to the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI), various legal systems have created different regulatory and supervisory interventions for this technology. While some countries prioritize consumer protection by imposing stringent regulations, others adopt a more permissive approach to promote innovation. However, comparing different models of AI regulation can help find the right balance between innovation and protecting consumers against the risks of AI. This paper, using a descriptive-analytical method and a comparative study, seeks to answer the question of what Iran's regulatory policy on artificial intelligence is. An examination of AI regulatory models in the European Union, the United States, and China indicates that each legal system must organize this matter according to its own objectives, policies, requirements, and characteristics of the legal system and technology. Iran's legal system suffers from serious structural and normative gaps in responding to this technology and other emerging technologies like AI. In 2021, the Supreme Leader of Iran declared the development of AI technology and its related systems as one of the country's macro-policies. However, the policy of developing artificial intelligence without addressing these structural and normative gaps not only potentially endangers the rights of citizens but also seriously challenges the development of AI-based businesses.
کلیدواژهها English
ادیانی، سیدیونس (1402). هوش مصنوعی و قانونگذاری، تهران: مرکز پژوهشهای مجلس شورای اسلامی.
پژوهشکده فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات (1401). گزارش وضعیت و چشمانداز هوش مصنوعی در ایران، پژوهشگاه علوم و فناوری اطلاعات ایران.
حسینی، مهدی؛ مجیدی، حسن؛ احمدی، فرشاد (1400). چهارچوب حکمرانی هوش مصنوعی؛ چالشها و راهکارها، فصلنامه مطالعات مدیریت فناوری اطلاعات، 13 (52).
خوشنژاد، محمدرضا (1400). ضرورتهای حکمرانی هوش مصنوعی در ایران، فصلنامه پژوهشهای مدیریت عمومی، 12 (54).
قادری، فؤاد؛ صفدری رنجبر، مصطفی؛ علینقیان، اشکان؛ فهام، الهام (1402). زیستبوم نوآوری هوش مصنوعی؛ سیاستها، راهبردها، بازیگران و کارکردها (مروری بر تجارب منتخب جهانی).
مرکز پژوهشهای مجلس شورای اسلامی، «بررسی چالشها و راهکارهای اخلاق در هوش مصنوعی»، 1400.
مرکز ملی فضای مجازی جمهوری اسلامی ایران (1401). گزارش چالشهای اخلاقی و حقوقی هوش مصنوعی.
مرکز ملی فضای مجازی جمهوری اسلامی ایران (1401). سند ملی حکمرانی هوش مصنوعی. تهران: مرکز ملی فضای مجازی جمهوری اسلامی ایران.
هاشمی، سیدحسین (1402). گزارش اهمیت و ضرورت قانونگذاری در هوش مصنوعی، معاونت تحقیقات، آموزش و حقوق شهروندی معاونت حقوقی رئیسجمهور.
پژوهشکده فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات (1401). ارائه الگوی راهبردی توسعه هوش مصنوعی در ایران. تهران: مرکز پژوهشهای مجلس شورای اسلامی.
Acemoglu, D., & Restrepo, P. (2018). Artificial intelligence, automation, and work (No. w24196). National Bureau of Economic Research.
Acemoglu, D., & Restrepo, P. (2019). Automation and new tasks: How technology displaces and reinstates labor. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 33(2).
Autor, D. H. (2015). Why are there still so many jobs? The history and future of workplace automation. Journal of economic perspectives, 29(3).
Baldwin, R., & Cave, M. (2012). Understanding regulation: Theory, strategy, and practice. Oxford University Press.
Bietti, Elettra. "From Ethics Washing to Ethics Bashing: A View on Tech Ethics from within Moral Philosophy." Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency, 2020.
Bing, Chu. "China's Approach to AI Governance." Brookings Institution, 11 Aug 2020.
Blind, K. (2012). The influence of regulations on innovation: A quantitative assessment for OECD countries. Research Policy, 41(2.
Brown, A., & White, L. (2019). "Addressing Ethical Concerns in Artificial Intelligence: A Focus on Privacy and Discrimination." International Journal of AI Ethics, 7(4).
Brundage, M., Avin, S., Clark, J., Toner, H., Eckersley, P., Garfinkel, B., ... & Amodei, D. (2018). The malicious use of artificial intelligence: Forecasting, prevention, and mitigation.
Brynjolfsson, E., & McAfee, A. (2014). The second machine age: Work, progress, and prosperity in a time of brilliant technologies. WW Norton & Company.
Bunger, Mark, et al. "Artificial intelligence policy in the United States." Science, vol. 369, no. 6505, 17 Jul 2020.
Cath, C. (2018). Governing artificial intelligence: Ethical, legal and technical challenges. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 376(2133), 20180080.
Cave, S., & ÓhÉigeartaigh, S. S. (2018). Bridging near-and long-term concerns about AI. Nature Machine Intelligence, 1(1).
Char, D. S., Shah, N. H., & Magnus, D. (2018). Implementing machine learning in health care—addressing ethical challenges. New England Journal of Medicine, 378(11).
Chiniforooshan, H., & Teymouri, M. (2020). Towards a Multi-Stakeholder Governance Model for Artificial Intelligence in Iran. AI and Ethics, 1(1).
Cockburn, I. M., Henderson, R., & Stern, S. (2018). The impact of artificial intelligence on innovation (No. w24449). National Bureau of Economic Research.
Coglianese, C. (2016). The limits of performance-based regulation. University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, 50(3).
Daskal, Jennifer (2018). "Borders and Bits." Vanderbilt Law Review, vol. 71, no. 11, 2018.
Decker, C. (2015). Modern economic regulation: An introduction to theory and practice. Cambridge University Press.
Deng Chan, Keith Jin; Papyshev, Gleb; Yarime, Masaru. (2022), Balancing the Tradeoff between Regulation and Innovation for Artificial Intelligence: An Analysis of Top-down Command and Control and Bottom-up Self-Regulatory Approaches. (n.d.).
Derthick, M., & Quirk, P. J. (1985). The politics of regulatory change: A tale of two agencies. Brookings Institution Press.
Ding, Jeffrey, et al (2021). "Artificial intelligence governance in China: goals, drivers and regulations." Nature Machine Intelligence, vol. 3.
European Commission. (2018). Artificial Intelligence for Europe.
European Commission. (2020). White Paper on Artificial Intelligence: A European Approach to Excellence and Trust. COM(2020) 65 final.
European Commission. (2021). Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council Laying Down Harmonised Rules on Artificial Intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act) and Amending Certain Union Legislative Acts. COM(2021) 206 final.
Floridi, L., & Cowls, J. (2019). A unified framework of five principles for AI in society. Harvard Data Science Review, 1(1).
Furman, J., & Seamans, R. (2019). AI and the economy. Innovation Policy and the Economy, 19(1.
Gao, P. (2020). The rise of Chinese techno-nationalism. Nature Electronics, 3(11).
Garcia, M., & Patel, S. (2021). "The Role of International Collaboration in Enhancing AI Risk Assessment and Control Standards." Journal of Global AI Governance, 3(1).
Hagendorff, Thilo (2020) "The Ethics of AI Ethics: An Evaluation of Guidelines." Minds and Machines, vol. 30.
High-Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence (2019). Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy AI. European Commission.
Hoffmann, Anna Lauren (2021). "China's New Artificial Intelligence Regulations: A First Look at the Emerging Regulatory Framework." AI and Ethics, vol. 1.
Hogarth, Rik (24 Feb 2020). "Europe Wants to Set the Global Standards for Artificial Intelligence." Harvard Business Review,.
Horowitz, M. C. (2016). The promise and peril of military applications of artificial intelligence. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 72(5), 298-300.
Jobin, A., Ienca, M., & Vayena, E. (2019). The global landscape of AI ethics guidelines. Nature Machine Intelligence, 1(9), 389-399.
Kania, Elsa, and Johanna Costello (2019). "AI Governance in China: Towards an Autocratic Model?" PRISM, vol. 8, no. 2.
Khorsandi, S. (2020). AI governance in Iran: Regulation, challenges and opportunities. Nature Machine Intelligence, 2(9).
Koellinger, P. (2008). The relationship between technology, innovation, and firm performance—Empirical evidence from e-business in Europe. Research policy, 37(8), 1317-1328.
Lee, K. F. (2018). AI Superpowers: China, Silicon Valley, and the New World Order. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
Majone, G. (1994). The rise of the regulatory state in Europe. West European Politics, 17(3.
Majone, G. (1997). From the positive to the regulatory state: Causes and consequences of changes in the mode of governance. Journal of public policy, 17(2).
Manheim, K. M., & Kaplan, L. S. (2019). Artificial intelligence: Risks to privacy and democracy. Yale Journal of Law & Technology, 21.
McCarthy, J., Minsky, M. L., Rochester, N., & Shannon, C. E. (1955). A proposal for the Dartmouth summer research project on artificial intelligence.
Mohamadinejad, H., & Nasiriyan, A. (2021). Artificial Intelligence Regulation in Iran: Challenges and Opportunities. Information and Communication Technology Law, 30(2).
National Artificial Intelligence Research and Development Strategic Plan. (2016). Executive Office of the President, Networking and Information Technology Research and Development Program.
OECD (2012), "Recommendation of the Council on Regulatory Policy and Governance", OECD Publishing, Paris.
Patil, H. K., & Malek, M. (2021). Regulating artificial intelligence in India: Emerging approach and policy considerations. Computer Law & Security Review, 40, 105508.
Proposal of Artificial Intelligence Act (Al Act), 3(1).
Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation).
Renda, A. (2019). AI ethics: Golden rules and global coordination. CEPS Policy Insights, (2019/14).
Risse, N., & Wahl, B. (2019). Artificial intelligence against deepfakes: An early framework. IEEE Internet Computing, 23(6).
Scharre, P. (2018). Army of none: Autonomous weapons and the future of war. WW Norton & Company.
Shapiro, C. (2019). Protecting competition in the American economy: Merger control, tech titans, and consumer welfare. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 33(3).
Smith, J., & Johnson, R. (2020). "The Importance of Assessing and Controlling Risks Associated with Artificial Intelligence." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, 15(2).
Steinberg, Becca (15 Apr 2021). "The AI Legislation Landscape in the United States." University of Pennsylvania Law School.
Stigler, G. J. (1971). The theory of economic regulation. The Bell journal of economics and management science.
Triolo, Paul, and Elsa Kania. "China and Artificial Intelligence: Priorities and Challenges." Center for Strategic and International Studies, 6 Mar 2019.
Wang, Y., et al. (2018). "Regulatory Frameworks for AI Governance: Lessons from Leading Countries." AI and Society, 25(3).
West, Darrell M. "The Technology and Innovation Initiative's approach to artificial intelligence." Brookings Institution, 21 Jan 2019.
Wischmeyer, Thomas, and Tobias Dobber (eds.). Regulating Artificial Intelligence. Springer, 2020.
Yeung, K. (2019). A study of the implications of advanced digital technologies (including AI systems) for the concept of accountability. European Parliamentary Research Service.
Yin, W., Nie, W., Tan, H., Perc, M., & Shi, L. (2020). The dynamics of techno-nationalism and international cooperation in artificial intelligence. EPJ Data Science, 9(1).
Zawacki-Richter, O., Marín, V. I., Bond, M., & Gouverneur, F. (2019). Systematic review of research on artificial intelligence applications in higher education–where are the educators?. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 16(1).