نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسنده
دانشآموخته دکتری، حقوق بینالملل عمومی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران
چکیده
در جریان نبرد سال 2023 میان غزه و اسرائیل (عملیات طوفانالاقصی علیه عملیات شمشیرهای آهنین) ادعاهای مختلفی از سوی طرفین این جنگ بهمنظور دفاع از اقداماتشان مطرح شد. از سویی حماس، جنبش جهاد اسلامی و جبهه مردمی آزادیبخش فلسطین بهعنوان گروههای مسلح فلسطینی بر حق تعیین سرنوشت و حق مقاومت تأکید دارند و از سوی دیگر، اسرائیل بر حق دفاع مشروع خود پای میفشارد. از همان روزهای ابتدایی این مخاصمه مسلحانه، اسرائیل بهعنوان یکی از طرفین درگیر، ادعا کرد ازآنجاکه از سال 2006 کنترل مؤثری بر غزه نداشته است و ندارد، بنابراین، هیچ مانعی برای ممانعت از توسل این رژیم به حق ذاتی دفاع مشروع وجود ندارد. با بالا گرفتن مناقشات بر سر مفاهیم کنترل مؤثر و امکان توسل به دفاع مشروع، پرسشهای مختلفی مطرح میشود، آیا قدرت اشغالگر از حق دفاع مشروع برخوردار است؟ چه معیارهایی برای کنترل مؤثر در حقوق بینالملل وجود دارد و آیا اسرائیل بر غزه کنترل مؤثر دارد؟ نویسنده کوشیده است با تکیه بر روش تحلیلی-توصیفی و استناد به منابع کتابخانهای به این پرسشها پاسخ دهد. نتایج نشان میدهد که در مورد معیار نوین کنترل مؤثر، دکترین و حقوق نرمی وجود دارد که بهجای تمرکز بر عنصر مادی اشغال، بر آثار آن متمرکز است.
کلیدواژهها
عنوان مقاله [English]
New Criterion of Effective Control in International Law; Case Study of Gaza Conflict 2023-2024
نویسنده [English]
PhD in international law, Department of Public and International Law, Faculty of Law and Political sciences, Allameh Tabatabaie University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]
During the Gaza-Israel conflict of 2023 (Al Aqsa storm Vs. Swords of Iron) several allegations and claims have been raised from both sides in order to defend their actions. Hamas, Palestinian Islamic Jihad, and Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine as Palestinian armed groups insist on their right to self-determination and right to resist on the one hand and Israel on its right to self-defence on the other hand. From the very first day of this armed conflict, Israel as one party claimed that while it has not had any effective control over Gaza since 2006, there is no ground to avoid this regime from its natural right to self-defence. With the emergence of disputes over the concepts of effective control and the possibility of resorting to self-defence, several questions are raised as follows: does an occupying power have the right to self-defence? What are the main criteria for effective control in international law? And does Israel have effective control over the Gaza Strip? The author tries to answer these questions based on the Analytical-descriptive method by using library documents. The results show that there is a doctrine and also a soft law about the new criterion of effective control which focuses on consequences of control rather than its material element, namely Occupation.
کلیدواژهها [English]
Benvenisti, Eyal (2012). The International Law of Occupation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Carcano, Andrea (2015). The Transformation of Occupied Territory in International Law. leiden: Brill Nijhoff.
Cassese, Antonio (2008). the Human Dimension of International Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Cook, Jonathan (2006). Blood and Religion; The Unmasking of the Jewish and Democratic State. London: Pluto Press.
Dinestein, Yoram (2009). The International law of Belligerent Occupation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Greenwood, Christopher (1992). the Administration of Occupied Territory in International Law. In E. Playfair, International Law and the Administration of Occupied Territories (pp. 241-266). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Gross, Aeyal (2017). the Writing on the Wall; Rethinking the International Law of Occupation. Cambridge: Cambridge Universtiy Press.
Longobardo, Marco (2018). The Use of Armed Force in Occupied Territory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Nabulsi, Karma (2005). Traditions of War; Occupation, Resistance, and the Law. New York: Oxford University Press.
Osborne, Eric W. (2004). Britain's Economic Blockade of Germany 1914-1919. London: Frank Cass.
Schrijver, Nico (2015). the Prohibition of the Use of Force, Self-Defence, and other Concepts. In M. Weller, the Oxford Handbook of The Use of Force in International Law (pp. 465-487). Oxford, London: Oxford University Press.
Shavit, Ari (2004). Top PM aide: Gaza plan aims to freeze the peace process. Jurasalem: Haaretz.
Weller, Marc (2015). the Oxford Handbook of The Use of Force in International Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Canor, Iris (2006). When Jus ad Bellum Meets Jus in Bello: The Occupier's Right of Self-Defence against Terrorism Stemming from Occupied Territories. Leiden Journal of International Law, 19(1), 129-149.
Chadwick, Elizabeth (2022). Chapter 41: The Use of Force in Pursuance of the Right to Self-determination. In S. Sayapin, R. Atadjanov, U. Kadam, G. Kemp, N. Zambrana-Tévar, & N. Quénivet, International Conflict and Security Law; A Research Handbook (pp. 885-915). The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press.
Erakat, Noura (2012). It’s Not Wrong, It’s Illegal: Situating the Gaza Blockade Between International Law and the UN Response. UCLA Journal of Islamic and Near Eastern Law, 11(37), 1-34.
Ferraro, Tristan (2012). Determining the beginning and end of an occupation under international humanitarian law. International Review of the Red Cross, 94(885), 133-163.
James, Carey (2009). Mere Words: The Enemy Entity Designation of the Gaza Strip. Hastings International and Comparative Law Review, 32(2), 643-668.
Mari, Mustafa (2005). the Israeli Disengagement from the Gaza Strip: and End of the Occupation? Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law, 8, 356-368.
O'Connell, Mary ellen, Tams, Christian J., & Tlad, Dire (2019). Self-Defence Against Non-State Actors: Volume 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Schwebel, Stephen M. (1979). The Effect of Resolutions of the U.N. General Assembly on Customary International Law. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting (American Society of International Law), 73, 301-309.
Stephanopoulos, Nicholas (2006). Israel's Legal Obligations to Gaza after the Pullout. the Yale Journal of International Law, 31(513), 524-528.
African Union. (2019). REPORT OF THE COMMISSION ON THE SITUATION IN PALESTINE AND THE MIDDLE EAST. Addis Ababa: African Union
Bashi, S., & Mann, K. (2007). Disengaged occupiers: the legal status of Gaza. Jurasalem: Gisha: Legal Center for Freedom.
General Assembly. (2004). Agenda 5: Illegal Israeli actions in occupied East Jerusalem and the rest of the Occupied Palestinian Territory (A /ES-10/PV.25). New York: UN. Retrieved from https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N04/429/94/PDF/N0442994.pdf?OpenElement
ICRC. (2011). International Humanitarian Law and the Challenges of Contemporary Armed Conflicts. Geneva: Red Cross and Red Crescent.
ICRC. (2023, December 20). Israel and the occupied territories . Retrieved from International Committee of the Red Cross: https://www.icrc.org/en/document/frequently-asked-questions-icrcs-work-israel-and-occupied-territories
ICTY special committee. (2000). Final Report to the Prosecutor by the Committee Established to Review the NATO Bombing Campaign Against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Hague: IRMCT. Retrieved from https://www.icty.org/en/press/final-report-prosecutor-committee-established-review-nato-bombing-campaign-against-federal
Independent International Commission of Inquiry. (2023). Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and Israel. Geneva: UN General Assembly.
Kane, A., Cohen, M., Shamir, J., & Scher, I. (2023). The Hamas Attacks and Israeli Response: An Explainer. New York: Jewish Currents
Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, 131 (International Court of Justice July 9, 2004).
Online Etymology Dictionary. (2024, January 10). Blockade. Retrieved from Etymonline.com: https://www.etymonline.com/word/blockade
Roosevelt, F. D., & Churchill, W. S. (1941, August 14). Atlantic Charter. Retrieved January 09, 2024, from Lillian Goldman Law Library, Yale University: https://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/atlantic.asp
Security Council. (2002). The situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian question (S/PV. 4503). New York: UN. Retrieved from https://undocs.org/Home/Mobile?FinalSymbol=S%2FPV.4503&Language=E&DeviceType=Desktop&LangRequested=False
UK Ministry of Defence. (2005). Manual of the Law of Armed Conflict. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
United Nations General Assembly. (1974, December 14). Resolution 3314 "Definition of Aggression". Retrieved from Human Rights Library of Minnesota University: http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/instree/GAres3314.html
United Nations General Assembly. (1982, December 3). Resolution 37/43, mportance of the universal realization of the right of peoples to self-determination and of the speedy granting of independence to colonial countries and peoples for the effective guarantee and observance of human rights. Retrieved from refworld: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3b00f4772c.html
Anonymous v The State of Israel, 6659/06 (Israel supreme Court June 11, 2008).
Armed Activities on the Territory of the DRC v. Uganda, 116 (Inernational Court of Justice December 19, 2005). Retrieved from https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/116/116-20051219-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf
Prosecutor v. Naletilic and Martinovic, IT-98-34 (ICTY March 31, 2003). Retrieved from https://ucr.irmct.org/scasedocs/case/IT-98-34#eng